![]() Ockham repeatedly emphasizes that ‘God is a debtor to no one‘ he does not owe us anything, no matter what we do.” In short, there is no necessary connection between virtue-moral goodness-and salvation. “ moral virtue is possible even for the pagan, moral virtue is not by itself enough for salvation. “That intrinsically virtuous act of will, for Ockham, is an act of ‘loving God above all else and for his own sake.’“ Inherits from VirtuousActOfWill leads to IntrinsicalVirtuousActOfWill “On pain of infinite regress, therefore, extrinsically virtuous acts of will must ultimately lead back to an intrinsically virtuous act of will. derivatively, through their conformity to some more fundamental act of will, or intrinsically.” “For Ockham, acts of will are morally virtuous either extrinsically, i.e. “In themselves, all actions are morally neutral.” That intrinsically virtuous act of will, for Ockham, is an act of “loving God above all else and for his own sake.” On pain of infinite regress, therefore, extrinsically virtuous acts of will must ultimately lead back to an intrinsically virtuous act of will. derivatively, through their conformity to some more fundamental act of will, or intrinsically. In themselves, all actions are morally neutral.”įor Ockham, acts of will are morally virtuous either extrinsically, i.e. For one, it is a will-based ethics in which intentions count for everything and external behavior or actions count for nothing. “Ockham’s ethics combines a number of themes. Thus the frequent charge that Ockham severs ethics from metaphysics by denying teleology seems wrong. Nevertheless, while Ockham grants that human beings have a natural orientation, a tendency toward their own ultimate good, he does not think this restricts their choices.” “Ockham is very suspicious of the notion of final causality (teleology) in general, he thinks it is quite appropriate for intelligent, voluntary agents such as human beings. The following OntoUML diagram presents Ockhams’s model of virtues and free will: This theory antagonizes with the view on the limitations of the will held by Aquinas. Despite the human inclination towards the ultimate good, the human will is free to deliberately go against the zltimate good, and the choose evil.Even pagans can have moral virtue, howeve that is not enough for salvation. Ockham “measures” moral virtue in a five-grade scale. Virtuous acts of will manifest moral virtue, and are subordinated to the ultimate good.The human will creates acts of will (intentions), which on their turn initiate ethically neutral actions.Human beings have a natural tendency to achieve their ultimate good, like at Aristotle and Augustine. ![]() William Ockham (1285-1349 AD), in the treatise On the Connection of the Virtues and other works, elaborates a will-based ethics, where acts of will (intentions), and not actions have ethical value: ![]()
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